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====== 창작과 접근 ======
 인터넷은 정보의 유통비용을 영(zero)에 까깝게 획기적으로 줄임으로써, 정보 접근과 이용 그리고 새로운 정보 형성에 새로운 환경을 만들어 내었습니다. 정보는 디지털화되고 컴퓨팅 능력의 향상과 더불어, 단순히 텍스트 뿐 아니라, 소리, 시각, 소프트웨어 등 사람의 정신세계 모든 것을 포함하는 유연성을 가지게 되었습니다. 인터넷은 다양한 정신적 창작물을 중간자나 유통비용 없이 공유함으로써 문화 창작 환경에 혁명적인 변화를 가져올 수 있습니다. 그러나 그와 함께 많은 정보가 정보 유통 수단인 망, 컴퓨터를 통해서 전달됨에 따라 망, 컴퓨터를 지배하는 사람이 그의 이익에 유리한 환경을 만들 여지도 제공합니다. 

 음악 파일을 둘러싼 저작권 다툼은 그러한 면에서 매우 흥미롭습니다. 초기 음악 창조자들은 인터넷을 유통사 없이 음악을 알리는 기회로 삼습니다. 개인들은 유통사 없이 음악을 공유하는 기회로 삼습니다. 그러나 저작권 침해에 대한 형사처벌, 음악 복사를 방지하는 수단에 대한 강력한 보호, 음악 파일 공유 시스템에 대한 저작권 침해 인정, 중간 매개자를 통한 저작권 실현 등을 통해, 음악 저작권자를 강력히 보호하는 일련의 사건들이 발생합니다. 그로 인해 상업적인 영역에만 개입하던 저작권은 일반적인 개인의 생활영역에까지 개입하였고, 개인은 도리어 인터넷 도입 전보다 음악 정보에 대한 접근과 사용이 제한됩니다. 이는 특정한 정책 목적의 달성을 위해 기술의 사용방법뿐 아니라, 기술 구조 자체를 변경할 수도 있다는 것을 보여줍니다.

 소프트웨어는 특히 중요한 의미를 가집니다. 컴퓨터는 소프트웨어를 만든 사람의 의도와 목적에 따라 움직입니다. 컴퓨터는 인간의 정신세계를 본따 만들어져 인간과 비슷하게 작동하며, 인터넷을 통해 연결되어, 마치 신경망과 같이 인간을 연결하고 있습니다. 컴퓨터를 움직이는 소프트웨어에 대한 창작과 접근이 제한되면, 소프트웨어를 만든 사람이 컴퓨터를 통해 소프트웨어를 이용하는 사람을 통제할 가능성이 열리게 되기 때문입니다.


===== 넷과 창작 구조의 변경 =====
  * William Butler O'Connor,[[http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/556/477 |Create or be Created: How the Internet Cultural Renaissance is Turning Audience Members into Artists]], First Monday, October 1997
    * the title of this essay-Create or Be Created-refers to the process of individuals declaring their "cultural independence" from "professional" culture creators, choosing instead to enjoy a blend of both expressed and experienced culture.

  * John Kelsey and Bruce Schneier,[[http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/673|The Street Performer Protocol and Digital Copyrights]], First Monday, June 1999
    * We introduce the Street Performer Protocol, an electronic-commerce mechanism to facilitate the private financing of public works. Using this protocol, people would place donations in escrow, to be released to an author in the event that the promised work be put in the public domain

  * Terrence A. Maxwell,[[http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1175/1095|Is Copyright Necessary?]], First Monday, September 2004.
    * any adjustment to the level and degree of copyright protection must be considered in relation to decisions about trade, education, literacy and technology, to achieve and maintain an effective balance between promotion of new knowledge and a healthy public domain.

  * Wu, Tim, [[https://ssrn.com/abstract=532882|Copyright's Communications Policy.]] Michigan Law Review, Vol. 103, p. 278, November 2004
    * As the Supreme Court reconsiders Sony in the context of online content distribution, it faces the three policy options described here. It can make market entry substantially easier with a broad exemption for bold new pirate technologies, and hope that the market or Congress will take care of the resultant chaos. It can hark back to the Bell System, tighten incumbent control, and trust existing players to introduce new technologies in a planned way. Or it can stick with the Sony rule and its consequent involvement of the federal judiciary in the weighing of the merit of new technological entrant

  * Yochai Benkler, [[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/wealth_of_networks/Main_Page|The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom]] (Yale Press 2006)
    * I call this commons-based peer production. Commons (as opposed to property) because no one person controls how the resource is used, they are either open to the public or a defined group. Peer production because it is done through self-selected, decentralized individual action.

  * 윤종수, [[http://kafil.or.kr/?p=373&cat=6| 10-1 저작물의 공유와 과제, 정보법학 10권 1호,]] 2006년
    * 현행 저작권법 체계와 모순되지 않으면서 저작권자의 공유의사를 좀 더 간편하게 표시할 수 있는 체계적인 시스템이 마련되어야 하는데 이런 시스템을 통칭하여 ‘자유 라이선스’라고 부른다

  * Jonathan Lethem,[[http://www.harpers.org/archive/2007/02/0081387|The ecstasy of influence: A plagiarism]], Harper's, February 2007
    * works of art exist simultaneously in two economies, a market economy and a ''gift economy''.

  * IASC & the Elinor Ostrom Award,[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3N9Gb3bKzQ|Commons In Action]] (2014)(youtube video)

===== 음악과 인터넷 =====

==== 혁신 또는 해적 ====
  * David Bauder,[[http://www.nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/101697music.html|  BMI Develops Robot to Monitor Online Music Sales]], New York Times, October 16, 1997

  * Jon Pareles,[[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9402E5DB113EF936A25752C1A96E958260|  With a Click, a New Era of Music Dawns]], New York Times, November 15, 1998

  * Neil Strauss,[[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E6DF133CF932A35750C0A96F958260|  Expert to Help Devise Format for Delivering Music on Internet]], New York Times, March 1, 1999

  * Neil Strauss,[[http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/04/biztech/articles/05download.html|  Free Web Music Spreads From Campus to Office]], New York Times, April 5, 1999

  * Jon Pareles,[[http://www.nytimes.com/1999/03/08/arts/musicians-want-a-revolution-waged-on-the-internet.html|  Musicians Want an Revolution Waged on the Internet]], New York Times, March 8, 1999

  * Neil Strauss,[[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B01E6D7153BF935A25757C0A96F958260|  Rap Revolutionaries Plan an Internet Release]], New York Times, April 16, 1999

  * Matt Richtel,[[http://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/16/business/the-media-business-sony-and-ibm-create-alliance-on-delivering-music-over-net.html?_r=0|  Sony and IBM Create Alliance on Delivering Music over Net]], New York Times, April 16, 1999

  * Neil Strauss,[[http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/04/biztech/articles/24music.html|  Pirate-Proof Music on Web? So Far, That Does Not Compute]], New York Times, April 24, 1999

  * John Markoff,[[http://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/03/business/new-system-for-pc-music-stirs-concern-over-piracy.html|  New System for PC Music Due Stirs Concern Over Piracy]], New York Times, May 3, 1999

  * Matt Richtel,[[http://www.dvd-copy.com/documents/3730-www.nytimes.com_library_tech_99_06_biztech_articles_30music.html|  Questions Abound on Downloading Digital Music]], New York Times, June 30, 1999

  * Matt Richtel,[[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9800E7DA103DF936A35754C0A96F958260|  Record Labels Assert Control in Cyberspace]], New York Times, July 5, 1999

  * Mark Amerika,[[http://www.heise.de/tp/english/inhalt/kolu/3425/1.html|  Sonic Upheaval: Using MP3 To Rip the System]], Telepolis (English Edition), September 7, 1999

  * John Markoff,[[http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/09/biztech/articles/13tune.html|  Bridging Two Worlds to Make Downloadable Music Profitable]], New York Times, September 13, 1999

==== DeCSS ====
  * Carl S. Kaplan,[[http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/12/cyber/cyberlaw/10law.html|  Copyright Decision Threatens Freedom to Link]], New York Times, December 10, 1999

  * Carl S. Kaplan,[[http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/01/cyber/cyberlaw/07law.html|  DVD Lawsuit Questions Legality of Linking]], New York Times, January 6, 2000

  * Carl S. Kaplan,[[http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/07/cyber/cyberlaw/14law.html|  DVD Case Will Test Reach of Digital Copyright Law]], New York Times, July 14, 2000

  * Carl S.Kaplan,[[http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/07/cyber/cyberlaw/21law.html| Norwegian Teenager Appears at Hacker Trial He Sparked]], New York Times, July 21, 2000

  * [[http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/DVD/NY/trial/op.html| Universal City Studios v. Reimerdes]], 111 F. Supp. 2d 294 (S.D.N.Y. 2000), August 17, 2000
    * As Congress' concerns in enacting the anti-trafficking provision of the DMCA were to suppress copyright piracy and infringement and to promote the availability of copyrighted works in digital form, and not to regulate the expression of ideas that might be inherent in particular anti-circumvention devices or technology, this provision of the statute properly is viewed as content neutral.

      * [[http://eon.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/DVD/NY/appeals/opinion.html| Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Corley]], No. 00-9185 (CA2, November 28, 2001)

==== Napster ====
  * Reuters,[[http://partners.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/07/biztech/articles/21napster-study.html|  Study Says That Napster Increases Music Sales]], New York Times, July 21, 2000

  * Alec Foege,[[http://www.nytimes.com/library/financial/sunday/050700biz-profile.html|  A Watchdog for Online Music]], New York Times, May 5, 2000

  * Amy Harmon,[[http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/03/biztech/articles/07net.html|  Powerful Music Software Has Industry Worried]], New York Times, March 7, 2000

  * Matt Richtel,[[http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/05/biztech/articles/09music.html|  Judge Rules On 2 Issues in Music Case]], New York Times, May 8, 2000

  * Matt Richtel,[[http://partners.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/07/biztech/articles/27music.html|  In Victory for Record Industry, Judge Bars Napster Music Site]], New York Times, July 27, 2000

  * Amy Harmon,[[http://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/28/business/technology-for-many-fans-of-online-music-us-court-ruling-is-call-to-arms.html|  For Many Fnas of Online Music, Court Ruling Is Call to Arms]], New York Times, July 28, 2000

  * Amy Harmon,[[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9802EEDD1139F933A2575AC0A9669C8B63|  Copyright and Copying Wrongs: A Web Rebalancing Act]], New York Times, September 10, 2000

  * Reuters, [[http://emoglen.law.columbia.edu/LIS/archive/mp3/tech-warner-dc.html| Warner Music, RealNetworks in Digital Music Pact]], New York Times, September 11, 2000

  * The Associated press, [[http://emoglen.law.columbia.edu/LIS/archive/mp3/AP-Napster-Traffic.html| Use of Napster Quadruples]], New York Times, September 11, 2000

  * Cnet News.Com,[[http://news.cnet.com/2100-1023-245620.html|  The Smashing Pumpkins Take Music Directly to Napster Fans]], New York Times, September 12, 2000

  * Amy Harmon,[[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E7DA1038F930A25752C1A9669C8B63|  Rock Musicians Enter Fray on Copyrights]], New York Times, November 13, 2000

  * Amy Harmon,[[http://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/15/business/technology-deal-settles-suit-against-mp3com.html|  Deal Settles Suit Against MP3.com]], New York Times, November 15, 2000

  * Matt Richtel,[[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E5D9133DF930A35753C1A9669C8B63|  Napster Case: Hard Queries on Copyrights]], New York Times, October 3, 2000

==== RIAA v. The People ====
  * Jon Pareles,[[http://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/10/arts/the-many-futures-of-music-maybe-one-of-them-real.html|  The Many Futures of Music, Maybe One of Them Real]], New York Times, January 10, 2002

  * Neil Strauss,[[http://emoglen.law.columbia.edu/LIS/archive/mp3/18SONG.html|  Record Labels' Answer to Napster Still Has Artists Feeling Bypassed]], New York Times, February 18, 2002

  * Laura Holson,[[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E02E2D9153AF93BA15752C0A9649C8B63|  Readjusting the Power in the Music Industry]], New York Times, January 28, 2002

  * Jennifer Medina,[[http://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/20/us/fees-are-forcing-college-stations-to-scale-back-on-webcasts.html|  Fees Forcing College Radio Stations to Scale Back Webcasts]], New York Times, October 20, 2002

  * David McGuire,[[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A14836-2003Dec19.html|  Court Rejects Music Industry Subpoenas]], Washington Post, December 19, 2003

  * David McGuire,[[http://emoglen.law.columbia.edu/cyber-archive/mp3/A35281-2004Jan21.html|  RIAA Sues Song-Swapping Suspects]], Washington Post, January 21, 2004

  * Bill Werde,[[http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/25/arts/defiant-downloads-rise-from-underground.html|  Defiant Downloads Rise From Underground]], New York Times, Feburary 24, 2004

  * [[http://www.cptech.org/ip/wipo/genevadeclaration.html| Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)]], September 22, 2004. 
    * Technological measures designed to enforce intellectual property rights in digital environments threaten core exceptions in copyright laws for disabled persons, libraries, educators, authors and consumers, and undermine privacy and freedom;

==== Grokster ====
  * [[http://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/04-480.ZS.html| MGM et al. v. Grokster, Ltd.]], No. 04-480, U.S. Supreme Court, June 27, 2005
    * We hold that one who distributes a device with the object of promoting its use to infringe copyright, as shown by clear expression or other affirmative steps taken to foster infringement, is liable for the resulting acts of infringement by third parties.

  * Eben Mglen, [[http://moglen.law.columbia.edu/publications/grokster-amicus.pdf| Brief Amici Curiae in Support of Respondent in MGM et al. v. Grokster, Ltd.]], 04-480 (March 1, 2005) 

  * Tim Wu, [[http://www.slate.com/articles/life/the_breakfast_table/features/2005/a_supreme_court_conversation/grokster_dies_itunes_lives.html| Grokster Dies, iTunes Lives]], Slate.com, June 27, 2005

  * John Borland,[[http://www.zdnet.com/article/open-source-p2p-projects-keep-swapping/|  Open-source P2P projects keep swapping]], C|Net News.com, July 15, 2005

  * Anne Broache,[[http://www.cnet.com/au/news/time-for-lawmakers-to-act-on-grokster/ | Time for lawmakers to act on Grokster?]], C|Net News.com, July 19, 2005

  * Declan McCullagh,[[http://news.com.com/Warner+Music+readies+CD-free+e-label/2100-1027_3-5841355.html|  Warner Music readies CD-free 'e-label']], C|Net News.com, Aug. 22, 2005

  * Dawn Kawamoto,[[https://www.cnet.com/news/record-labels-send-more-letters-to-p2p-services/|  Record labels send more letters to P2P services]], C|Net News.com, Sept. 15, 2005

  * Clive Thompson,[[http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/13/magazine/13audience-t.html?ex=1336708800&en=1d5b4728dc04dc8d&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc|  Sex, Drugs and Updating Your Blog]], New York Times, May 13, 2007.

==== DRM ====
  * Eben Moglen,[[http://emoglen.law.columbia.edu/publications/lu-20.html|  Exploring the Frontiers of Unfreedom]], May 2002
    * General technical information is now being censored on the ground that, when embodied in freely available computer programs, it is bad for the business models of the owners of culture.

  * Eben Moglen,[[http://emoglen.law.columbia.edu/publications/lu-19.html|  More Menace from the Mouse]], March 2002
    * give a right to copyright owners to prevent the distribution of any software or hardware that doesn't meet the mandates.

  * Thomas Ricker[[http://www.engadget.com/2007/02/16/drm-the-state-of-disrepair/|  DRM: the state of disrepair]], Engadget, Febuary 16, 2007.

  * Brian Stelter,[[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/16/technology/16tube.html?_r=1&oref=login|  Some Media Companies Choose to Profit From Pirated YouTube Clips]], NY Times, August 15, 2008

  * [[http://bloggingheads.tv/diavlogs/15113| Free Will: Hack the Vote]] with Will Wilkinson and Ed Felten, bloggingheads.tv, October 9, 2008

  * Andrew A. Adams and Ian Brown,[[http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1329703|  Keep Looking: The Answer to the Machine is Elsewhere]], SSRN, January 19, 2009
    * innovation in business models is much more likely to effectively protect the interests of creators than technological enforcement mandated via copyright law

==== 계속되는 확장 ====
  * Nate Anderson,[[http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/01/how-many-internet-pirates-are-there-anyway.ars|  How many Internet pirates are there, anyway?]], Ars Technica, February 2011
    * 13 percent of Americans were music pirates.

  * Mitch Stoltz, [[https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2016/09/record-labels-new-grab-website-blocking-power| Record Labels Make New Grab For Website-Blocking Power in YouTube-MP3 Suit]], EFF, September 26, 2016 
    * The labels are seeking a court order that would bind all of these companies to assist the labels in making Youtube-MP3 disappear from the Internet.

  * [[https://torrentfreak.com/internet-pirates-more-likely-to-pay-than-law-abiding-counterparts-161112/| Internet Pirates More Likely to Pay Than Law-Abiding Counterparts, /torrentfreak, ]]Andy, November 12, 2016
    * 60 percent of file-sharers pay for music streaming services, compared with 39 percent of those who do not share files .. 53 percent of those pay for a Netflix-like streaming service, compared with 34 percent of those who are not downloading movies for free

==== 소리바다 ====
  * [[http://www.law.go.kr/판례/%282005도872%29| 대법원 2007.12.14. 선고 2005도872]]
    * 피고인들은 P2P 프로그램과 관련된 외국의 분쟁사례 등을 통하여 P2P 프로그램의 이용을 통한 음악파일의 공유행위는 대부분 정당한 허락 없는 음악파일의 복제라는 결과에 이르게 됨을 예견(하고)...이용자들이 서버에 접속하면 그 이용자의 컴퓨터 IP 주소를 송신받는 즉시 서버에서 보관하던 다른 이용자들의 IP 주소 등 접속정보를 5,000명 정도씩 묶어 제공함으로써 이용자가 용이하게 자신이 찾는 음악 MP3 파일을 검색할 수 있고, 나아가 최적의 다운로드 위치를 찾을 수 있게 해 주어 소리바다 이용자들이 음악 MP3 파일을 다운로드할 수 있게 해주(어),, 적어도 미필적인 고의를 가지고 위와 같이 이 사건 소리바다 프로그램을 배포하고 소리바다 서버를 운영하여 위 공소외 1, 2, 3의 2000. 7. 1. 이후의 복제권 침해행위를 용이하게 해준 것이라고 볼 것이다.

===== 저작권을 강화하는 제도 =====
  * Jeri Clausing,[[http://www.nytimes.com/library/cyber/week/112097software.html|  Federal Act Targets Software Theft From Net]], New York Times, November 20, 1997
    * The so-called, No Electronic Theft, or NET, Act makes it a federal crime to "willfully" make or possess 10 or more digital copies with a value of $2,500 or more

  * Jeri Clausing,[[http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/98/07/cyber/articles/18copyright.html|  House Reaches Compromise on Digital Copyright Law]], July 18, 1998
    * The act would outlaw the devices used to circumvent the encryption that is used protect the property in digital and electronic form. It also would outlaw the simple act of circumventing those technologies. 

  * Jeri Clausing,[[http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/03/cyber/articles/19data.html|  Bill on Protecting Databases Resurfaces in House]], New York Times, March 19, 1999
    * The bill would make it illegal for someone to extract all of or substantial parts of a collection of information, if the action would "cause harm to the actual or potential market" for the owner of the database.

  * Grant Gross,[[http://moglen.law.columbia.edu/cyber-archive/mp3/search.pl%3Ftopic=4.html|  New violators of the DMCA? Reuters, Yahoo.com, CNN.com, dozens of other publications, and us]], NewsForge, May 22, 2002
    * Reuters may have violated the U.S. law by describing in a story this week how Sony's "copy-proof" protection for CDs can be defeated with a magic marker.

  * Amy Harmon,[[http://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/20/business/case-could-shift-balance-in-debate-on-public-domain.html|  Case Could Shift Balance in Debate on Public Domain]], New York Times, February 20, 2002
    * The medium would make possible a broad range of creative expression, he said, if people did not have to track down and pay for the rights to material that could be freely available to the public.

  * Eben Moglen, [[http://emoglen.law.columbia.edu/publications/eldred-amicus.html| Brief Amicus Curiae in Eldred v. Ashcroft]], No. 01-618, US Supreme Court, May 20, 2002
    * the extension of existing copyright terms in the CTEA violates the requirements of the Copyright Clause and the First Amendment.

  * Eben Moglen,[[http://emoglen.law.columbia.edu/publications/lu-25.html|  Free Software and the Broadcast Media]], December 2002
    * If the FCC attempts to implement broadcast copy protection, in other words, it will have to attempt to control the free software movement.

  * [[https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/01-618.ZO.html| Eldred v. Ashcroft]], No. 01-618, United States Supreme Court, January 15, 2003
    * the Copyright Clause empowers Congress to prescribe “limited Times” for copyright protection and to secure the same level and duration of protection for all copyright holders, present and future

  * Sarah McBride and Ethan Smith,[[http://online.wsj.com/article/SB122966038836021137.html?|  Music Industry to Abandon Mass Suits]], Wall Street Journal, December 19, 2008. 
    * it created a public-relations disaster for the industry, whose lawsuits targeted, among others, several single mothers, a dead person and a 13-year-old girl.

  * 조정욱, [[http://kafil.or.kr/?p=561&cat=6| 온라인서비스제공자의 기술적 조치 의무]], 정보법학 제12권 제 2호, 2008
    * 저작권법 제104조 제1항은 이용자의 저작권 침해행위가 상대적으로 많이 발생할 가능성이 높은 유형의 온라인서비스 제공자에게 권리자의 요청이 있는 경우 당해 저작물의 불법적인 전송을 차단하는기술적인 조치 등 필요한 조치를 할 의무를 부과하도록 규정

  * 정종오·정병묵 , [[http://news.inews24.com/php/news_view.php?g_serial=421325&g_menu=023100| 저작권 '삼진아웃제'…프랑스 '위헌', 국내는 '강행']], 아이뉴스24, 09년 06월 11일
    * 문화체육관광부로부터 불법복제물의 삭제나 전송 중단 조치를 3차례 받은 게시판은 저작권위원회의 심의를 거쳐 6개월간 게시판이 정지되거나 폐쇄 

  * 최정열, [[http://kafil.or.kr/?p=1004&cat=6| 15-1 지상파 방송의 원격송신과 공중송신권 침해여부에 관한 사례연구]], 정보법학 제15권 1호, 2011년.
    * 각국의 법원은 특정 프로그램을 녹화하도록 서버에 지시를 내리거나 녹화물을 이용하는 것이 개별 이용자이고 심지어는 프로그램에 따라서는 복수의 이용자가 같은 프로그램을 녹화하는 경우에도 각각 개별적으로 복제물을 만들어 각각 자신의 복제물만을 이용할 수 있도록 하였음에도 녹화 서버 또는 기타 디지털 녹화장치를 관리하는 주체인 사업자에게 복제 및 공중송신의 책임을 묻고 있다

  * [[http://www.scourt.go.kr/supreme/news/NewsViewAction2.work?seqnum=4297&gubun=4&searchOption=&searchWord=| 대법원 2013. 9. 26. 선고 2011도1435 판결]]
    * 피고인들은 .. 사이트 이용자들에게 영화 파일의 업로드를 유인하거나 다운로드를 용이하게 해주고, 이를 통해 수익을 얻은 사실..에 의하면, .. 이 사건 각 사이트를 운영.관리함으로써 ..사이트 이용자들의 복제권.전송권 침해행위를 용이하게 하여 ..방조하였..다..
    * 피고인들이 ..취한 기술적 조치는 ..‘금칙어 설정’ 또는 ‘해쉬값 등록.비교’를 통한 필터링 방식 뿐으로서, .. 당시 기술수준 등에 비추어 최선의 조치로 보이지 않을 뿐만 아니라 이들 기술적 조치 자체도 제대로 작동되지 아니한 것으로 보이는 이상, 피고인들은 저작권의 침해가 되는 복제.전송을 선별하여 이를 방지하거나 중단하는 기술적 조치를 다하였다고 할 수 없으므로, 구 저작권법 제102조 제2항에 따라 형사상 책임이 면제된다고도 할 수 없다.

  * [[http://www.scourt.go.kr/supreme/news/NewsViewAction2.work?seqnum=4791&gubun=4&searchOption=&searchWord=| 대법원 2015. 3. 12. 선고 2012도13748 판결]]
    * 링크를 하는 행위..는..인터넷에서 링크하고자 하는 웹페이지 등의 위치 정보나 경로를 나타낸 것에 불과하여..저작재산권 침해행위의 방조행위에 해당한다고 볼 수 없다.

  * Alex Hern,[[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/may/23/copyright-law-internet-mumsnet?CMP=twt_a-technology_b-gdntech|  Revealed: How copyright law is being misused to remove material from the internet]], The Guardian, May 23, 2016
    * a very easy way to remove something from the internet is to accuse its creator of infringing copyright

  * Jenn Gidman, '[[http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2016/08/16/dancing-baby-may-head-supreme-court/88822942/| Dancing baby' may head to Supreme Court]], USA TODAY, August 16, 2016
    * Her subsequent lawsuit via EFF claimed Universal used the DMCA in an "abusive way" to curb her free expression.

  * Klint Finley, [[https://www.wired.com/2016/08/internets-safe-harbor-just-got-little-less-safe/| The Internet’s Safe Harbor Just Got a Little Less Safe,]] Wired, 8. 17. 2016.
    * by refusing to process Rightscorp’s requests, Cox had failed to live up to its responsibilities under the safe harbor provision,

  * Andrew Thompson, [[http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/how-digital-copyright-law-being-used-run-roughshod-over-repairs-n628606| How Digital Copyright Law Is Being Used to Run Roughshod Over Repairs]], NBC News, Aug 21, 2016 
    * in a world increasingly run on software, critics say the DMCA and copyright law in general are now being applied in ways that Congress never intended. 

===== 마이크로 소프트와 소프트웨어 =====
  * Eben Moglen,[[http://moglen.law.columbia.edu/publications/antitrust-democracy.html|  Antitrust and American Democracy]], The Nation, November 30, 1998
    * Early experience with the vast private organizations characteristic of industrial capitalism taught Americans, long before the rest of the world, that their enormous creative potential could be misused for socially destructive self-aggrandizement. Restraining that conduct through encouragement of competition is the central philosophy of antitrust. 

  * John Markoff,[[http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/98/07/biztech/articles/29email-flaw.html|  Security Flaw Discovered in E-Mail Programs]], New York Times, July 29, 1998
    * because the program had been so widely disseminated on commercial CD-ROMs, as part of the Windows operating system and over the Internet, closing the hole might prove to be a particularly vexing task. 

  * Sara Robinson,[[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E0DC1538F933A1575BC0A96F958260|  Microsoft Discloses Flaws in Software]], New York Times, August 20, 1999
    * The company said it had known for several weeks about the Office 2000 flaw, which could allow data, software or hardware to be damaged via E-mail or commands sent from a malicious Web site.

  * Joel Brinkley,[[http://partners.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/09/biztech/articles/18soft.html|  'Unbiased' Ads for Microsoft Came at a Price]], New York Times, September 18, 1999
    * Newspaper advertisements that a California institute presented as independent views supporting Microsoft Corp.'s position in its antitrust trial were actually paid for by Microsoft, the institute conceded Friday.

  * [[https://www.justice.gov/atr/us-v-microsoft-courts-findings-fact| Findings of Fact]], United States v. Microsoft, November 5, 1999
    * Microsoft was apprehensive that the APIs exposed by middleware technologies would attract so much developer interest, and would become so numerous and varied, that there would arise a substantial and growing number of full-featured applications that relied largely, or even wholly, on middleware APIs. The applications relying largely on middleware APIs would potentially be relatively easy to port from one operating system to another

  * Eben Moglen,[[http://emoglen.law.columbia.edu/my_pubs/sjmercury.html|  Microsoft Can Gain by Freeing Software]], San Jose Mercury News, December 26, 1999
    * Microsoft should be required to document the Windows APIs, and to release that documentation regularly, reflecting changes to the product

  * [[http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/cases/ms_conclusions.htm| Conclusions of Law, United States v. Microsoft]], April 3, 2000
    * Microsoft sought to convince developers to concentrate on Windows-specific APIs and ignore interfaces exposed by the two incarnations of middleware that posed the greatest threat, namely, Netscape's Navigator Web browser and Sun's implementation of the Java technology. 

  * [[http://emoglen.law.columbia.edu/LIS/archive/msoft/microsoft.0628.ruling.pdf| United States v. Microsoft]], No. 00-5212, CADC, June 28, 2001
    * the District Court's remedies decree must be vacated
    * The decree's centerpiece is the requirement that Microsoft submit a proposed plan of divestiture, with the company to be split into an "Operating Systems Business," or "OpsCo," and an "Applications Business," or "AppsCo."

  * Eben Moglen,[[http://moglen.law.columbia.edu/publications/microsoft-surrender.html|  Gates at Appomattox: Why the US Surrendered]], The Nation, September 9, 2001
    * Much sterile legal maneuvering leading to a settlement that will leave Mr Gates' empire unchained and undiminished. 

  * Eben Moglen,[[https://www.justice.gov/atr/microsoft-tunney-act-comment-eben-moglen|  Tunney Act Filing in United States v. Microsoft]], January 28, 2002
    * Defendant has included in the Settlement the terms that exclude from API documentation precisely those to whom it would be most logically addressed: potential competitors seeking access to the monopolized market. 

  * [[http://emoglen.law.columbia.edu/LIS/archive/msoft/PubIntDeterm11-1.pdf| United States v. Microsoft]], No. 98-1232, USDC DC, November 1, 2002
    * “Documentation” is defined as “all information regarding the identification and means of using APIs that a person of ordinary skill in the art requires to make effective use of those APIs.”

  * Ed Bott, [[http://www.zdnet.com/article/windows-10-telemetry-secrets/| Windows 10 telemetry secrets: Where, when, and why Microsoft collects your data,]] ZDnet, February 23, 2016
    * Ability to gather user content, such as documents, if they might have been the trigger for the issue.

  * Ian Paul, [[http://www.pcworld.com/article/3101396/windows/microsoft-faces-two-new-lawsuits-over-aggressive-windows-10-upgrade-tactics.html| Microsoft faces two new lawsuits over aggressive Windows 10 upgrade tactics, PCWorld,]] Jul 28, 2016
    * Microsoft installed Windows 10 on users’ computers without consent.

  * Tas Bindi, [[http://www.zdnet.com/article/microsoft-investigated-by-russian-antitrust-body-after-kaspersky-complaint/| Microsoft investigated by Russian antitrust body after Kaspersky complaint]], ZDNet, November 14, 2016
    * Microsoft has significantly reduced the period for independent developers to adapt their antivirus software for the Windows 10 operating system to just six days, compared with two months for earlier versions. In addition, when a Windows user upgrades to the latest operating system, its antivirus software is disabled, with Microsoft's Windows Defender system taking over by default.

===== 티비와 넷 =====
  * Bill Carter,[[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9801EFDA103DF936A35754C0A96F958260|  Will This Machine Change Television?]], New York Times, July 5, 1999
    * by making it far easier to skip commercials, the new machines could threaten the main revenue stream for most commercial networks.

  * Joel Brinkley,[[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E01E1D91F3DF935A2575AC0A96F958260|  A Step Toward a Versatile High-Definition VCR]], New York Times, September 16, 1999
    * the marketing of such recorders is hampered by the two most common problems afflicting the consumer electronics industry: format wars and piracy concerns.

===== 링크와 정보독점 =====
  * Matthew Mirapaul,[[http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/01/cyber/articles/30lyrics.html|  Lyrics Site in Copyright Dispute May Go Commercial]], New York Times, January 30, 1999
    * de Vries acknowledged that converting the site into a freely accessible but money-making venture might provoke anger from some users, many of whom have submitted lyrics to the site's database. 

  * Compressed Data:[[http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/02/biztech/articles/15data.html|  Several Lawsuits Challenge Internet Ads]], New York Times, February 15, 1999
    * Playboy.. is suing Netscape Communications and Excite in an effort to keep banner ads for pornographic, non-Playboy sites from appearing..with the key words "playboy" or "playmate." 

  * Bob Tedeschi,[[https://partners.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/02/cyber/articles/15tick.html|  Ticketmaster and Microsoft Settle Linking Dispute]], New York Times, February 15, 1999
    * Microsoft agreed not to link from its Sidewalk city guides to pages deep within the Ticketmaster site.

  * Lisa Napoli,[[http://emoglen.law.columbia.edu/LIS/archive/webright/geocities-changes.html|  Yahoo Angers GeoCities Members With Copyright Rules]], New York Times, June 30, 1999 
    * Those who read the fine print came across a provision that some construed as giving Yahoo full ownership of content posted on GeoCities sites. 

  * Carl S. Kaplan,[[http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/08/cyber/cyberlaw/06law.html|  Is Linking Always Legal? The Experts Aren't Sure]], New York Times, August 6, 1999
    * Especially controversial is the use of so-called "deep" links, which point directly to Web pages or other content within another site, possibly bypassing advertising-rich home pages or other identifying pages. 

  * Carl S. Kaplan,[[http://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/07/technology/08CYBERLAW.html?ex=1221624000&en=bab6775e77ad2851&ei=5070|  Assessing Linking Liability]], New York Times, September 7, 2000
    * Corley's decision to post hundreds of links to sites containing the DeCSS software also violated the anti-trafficking provision of the copyright act. 

  * Farhad Manjoo,[[http://archive.wired.com/techbiz/media/news/2002/06/53355|  Public Protests NPR Link Policy]], Wired, June 20, 2002
    * NPR says that "linking to or framing of any material on this site without the prior written consent of NPR is prohibited." 

  * Lisa M. Bowman,[[https://www.cnet.com/news/net-archive-silences-scientology-critic/|  Net archive silences Scientology critic]], Cnet News.Com, September 24, 2002.
    * under pressure from the Church of Scientology, the Internet Archive has removed a church critic's Web site from its system. 

  * [[http://glaw.scourt.go.kr/wsjo/panre/sjo100.do?contId=2067521&q=2001도1335&nq=&w=panre&section=panre_tot&subw=&subsection=&subId=1&csq=&groups=6,7,5,9&category=&outmax=1&msort=s:6:0,d:1:1,p:2:0&onlycount=&sp=&d1=&d2=&d3=&d4=&d5=&pg=1&p1=&p2=&p3=&p4=&p5=&p6=&p7=&p8=&p9=&p10=&p11=&p12=&sysCd=WSJO&tabGbnCd=&saNo=&joNo=&lawNm=&hanjaYn=N&userSrchHistNo=&poption=&srch=&range=&daewbyn=N&smpryn=N&tabId=&save=Y&bubNm=| 대법원 2003. 7. 8. 선고 2001도1335 판결]]
    * 마우스 클릭행위에 의하여 다른 웹사이트로부터 전송되어 오는 데 걸리는 시간이 매우 짧기 때문에 인터넷 이용자로서는 자신이 클릭함에 의하여 접하게 되는 정보가 링크를 설정해 놓은 웹페이지가 아니라 다른 웹사이트로부터 전송되는 것임을 인식하기조차 어렵다는 점을 고려할 때 링크를 이용하여 별다른 제한 없이 음란한 부호 등에 바로 접할 수 있는 상태가 실제로 조성되었다면, 그러한 행위는 전체적으로 보아 음란한 부호 등을 공연히 전시한다는 구성요건을 충족한다

  * [[http://glaw.scourt.go.kr/wsjo/panre/sjo100.do?contId=2062558&q=2008다77405&nq=&w=panre&section=panre_tot&subw=&subsection=&subId=1&csq=&groups=6,7,5,9&category=&outmax=1&msort=s:6:0,d:1:1,p:2:0&onlycount=&sp=&d1=&d2=&d3=&d4=&d5=&pg=1&p1=&p2=&p3=&p4=&p5=&p6=&p7=&p8=&p9=&p10=&p11=&p12=&sysCd=WSJO&tabGbnCd=&saNo=&joNo=&lawNm=&hanjaYn=N&userSrchHistNo=&poption=&srch=&range=&daewbyn=N&smpryn=N&tabId=&save=Y&bubNm=| 대법원 2009. 11. 26. 선고 2008다77405 판결]]
    * 심층링크(deep link) 또는 직접링크(direct link)는.. 링크하고자 하는 저작물의 웹 위치 정보 내지 경로를 나타낸 것에 불과하..므로 .. 저작권법이 규정하는 복제 및 전송에 해당하지 않는다..

  * [[http://glaw.scourt.go.kr/wsjo/panre/sjo100.do?contId=1971706&q=2009다80637%20판결&nq=&w=panre&section=panre_tot&subw=&subsection=&subId=1&csq=&groups=6,7,5,9&category=&outmax=1&msort=s:6:0,d:1:1,p:2:0&onlycount=&sp=&d1=&d2=&d3=&d4=&d5=&pg=3&p1=&p2=&p3=&p4=&p5=&p6=&p7=&p8=&p9=&p10=&p11=&p12=&sysCd=WSJO&tabGbnCd=&saNo=&joNo=&lawNm=&hanjaYn=N&userSrchHistNo=&poption=&srch=&range=&daewbyn=N&smpryn=N&tabId=&save=Y&bubNm=| 대법원 2010. 3. 11. 선고 2009다80637 판결]]
    * 썸네일 이미지(thumbnail image, 이하 이미지 또는 그 전자파일을 ‘이미지’라고 한다)를 원래의 이미지가 저장된 주소에 연결(link)하는 방법으로 그 판시의 상세보기 및 ‘슬라이드 쇼’ 서비스를 제공하였다는 사유만으로 원고의 복제권 및 전송권 내지 공중송신권을 침해하는 것이라고는 할 수 없다.

  * 이헌묵, [[http://kafil.or.kr/?p=1498&cat=6| 인터넷 하이퍼링크에 의한 전시와 명예훼손]], 정보법학 제15권 제 2호, 2011. 11.
    * 링크의 설정자는 통상 링크된 정보를 제작하여 게시한 자가 아니고, 하이퍼링크는 연결시키고자 하는 정보의 웹 위치정보 내지 경로를 나타낸 것에 불과하지 그 자체가 정보를 게시하는 행위가 아니..다.

  * [[http://www.copyright.or.kr/information-materials/law-precedent/download.do?brdctsno=16623&brdctsfileno=8096| 대법원 2015. 3. 12. 선고 2012도13748 판결]]
    * 인터넷 이용자가 링크 부분을 클릭함으로써 저작권자로부터 이용허락을 받지 아니한 저작물을 게시하거나 인터넷 이용자에게 그러한 저작물을 송신하는 등의 방법으로 저작권자의 복제권이나 공중송신권을 침해하는 웹페이지 등에 직접 연결된다고 하더라도 그 침해행위의 실행 자체를 용이하게 한다고 할 수는 없으므로, 이러한 링크 행위만으로는 위와 같은 저작재산권 침해행위의 방조행위에 해당한다고 볼 수 없다

  * Meghan Sali, [[https://openmedia.org/en/five-reasons-why-link-tax-still-bad-idea| Five reasons why the link tax is still a bad idea]], Open Media, November 28, 2015
    * It’s actually hurting startups, smaller publishers, and innovative business

  * Court of Justice of the European Union,[[http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2016-09/cp160092en.pdf|  PRESS RELEASE No92/16]], 8 September, 2016
    * The posting of a hyperlink on a website to works protected by copyright and published without the author’s consent on another website does not constitute a ‘communication to the public’ when the person who posts that link does not seek financial gain and acts without knowledge that those works have been published illegally

===== 교육과 인터넷 =====
  * Karen W. Arenson,[[http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/98/11/biztech/articles/02online-education.html|  More Colleges Plunging Into Uncharted Waters of Online Courses]], New York Times, November 2, 1998
    * Online is a big, important field in higher education, but it does not have a business model that works,

  * Pamela Mendels,[[http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/02/cyber/education/10education.html|  Copyright Law Raises Questions for Distance Education]], New York Times, February 10, 1999
    * The big fear is the professor's stuff will go out to the students.

  * Karen W. Arenson,[[http://emoglen.law.columbia.edu/LIS/archive/univip/columbia.com-announce.html|  New Company at Columbia Aims to Profit From Internet]], New York Times, April 3, 1999
    * Columbia University has formed a company and hopes to make a profit by providing courses, research and other university material on line. 

  * Pamela Mendels,[[http://partners.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/08/cyber/education/04education.html|  More Publishers Adapt Textbooks to Digital Era]], New York Times, August 4, 1999
    * It is also testing technological methods to prevent unauthorized copying in the cut-and-paste world of computers 

===== 소프트웨어와 자유 =====
  * [[http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/583/504| Interview with Linus Torvalds]], First Monday, March 1998
    * what counts most of all for the best programmers is the fun of programming - they're like artists.
    * A "consumer"...doesn't actually consume anything. Giving the same thing to a thousand consumers is not really any more expensive than giving it to just one.

  * Amy Harmon and John Markoff,[[http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/98/11/biztech/articles/03memo.html|  Internal Memo Shows Microsoft Executives' Concern Over Free Software]], New York Times, November 3, 1998
    * the growth of the Internet is producing a far more efficient medium for collaboration on open programming than for marketing traditional, proprietary software. 

  * Amy Harmon,[[http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/02/biztech/articles/16windows.html|  Self-Proclaimed Computer Geeks Hold 'Windows Refund Day']], New York Times, February 16, 1999
    * ritics assert that the company continues to use its market clout to ensure that nearly all new personal computers come with Windows pre-installed.

  * John Markoff,[[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E0D81F3CF937A35750C0A96F958260|  New Program Is Introduced to Ease Use of Linux System]], New York Times, March 4, 1999
    * Gnome would make it possible for people who are not programmers or technicians to use Linux 

  * [[http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/03/biztech/articles/01linux.html| Intel Expected to Buy Stake in Linux Firm]], New York Times, March 1, 1999
    * We think Linux as the biggest thing since the Internet

  * [[http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/04/biztech/articles/07linux.html| Dell Bolsters Support of Windows Rival Linux]], New York Times, April 7, 1999
    * By investing in Red Hat, Dell joins a variety of computer industry heavyweights

  * Matt Richtel,[[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D00E2D91739F931A2575BC0A96F958260|  Share Price More Than Triples in Red Hat's Public Offering]], New York Times, August 12, 1999
    * What the company adds to the software is service and support.

  * Eben Moglen,[[http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/684/594| Anarchism Triumphant: Free Software and the Death of Copyright]], First Monday, August 1999
    * Propertarianism joined to capitalist vigor destroyed meaningful commercial competition, but when it came to making good software, anarchism won.

  * Steve Lohr,[[http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/08/biztech/articles/31sun.html|  With Acquisition, Sun Takes Aim at Microsoft]], New York Times, August 31, 1999
    * Sun is to lay out its plan to try to catapult Star Office into the mainstream of computer software.

  * Jack Bryar,[[http://emoglen.law.columbia.edu/LIS/archive/psn/1422247.html|  Palladium's perilous promise]], NewsForge, June 28, 2002.
    * the system is to consist of a computer-within-a-computer that will preprocess all external system communications, and any other "security" issues.

  * Eben Moglen,[[http://moglen.law.columbia.edu/publications/lu-21.html|  Security Through Freedom]], June 2002
    * security through obscurity just isn't secure at all. 

  * Eben Moglen,[[http://emoglen.law.columbia.edu/publications/lu-22.html|  Untrustworthy Computing]], July 2002
    * A "trusted computer" is one that you, the user, can't trust at all. It won't run any programs that haven't been "certified" by someone else.

  * Eben Moglen,[[http://moglen.law.columbia.edu/my_pubs/dcm.html|  The dotCommunist Manifesto]] (2003).
    * Society confronts the simple fact that when everyone can possess every intellectual work of beauty and utility(reaping all the human value of every increase of knowledge) at the same cost that any one person can possess them, it is no longer moral to exclude.
    * Protecting the ownership of ideas requires the suppression of free technology, which means the suppression of free speech.

  * Matthew Broersma,[[http://www.techworld.com/news/operating-systems/microsoft-server-crash-nearly-causes-800-plane-pile-up-3577711/|  Microsoft server crash nearly causes 800-plane pile-up]], Techworld, September 21, 2004.
    * the system was installed in the late 1990s, initially using Unix servers...replaced the original servers with off-the-shelf Dell hardware running Microsoft Windows 2000 Advanced Server. 

  * Martin LaMonica,[[https://www.cnet.com/news/massachusetts-to-adopt-open-desktop/|  Massachusetts to adopt 'open' desktop]], C|Net News.com, September 1, 2005
    * their importance for the current and future accessibility of government records, and the relative 'openness' of the format options

  * Martin LaMonica,[[http://news.com.com/Mass.+bill+endangers+OpenDocument+decision/2100-7344_3-5930588.html|  Mass. bill endangers OpenDocument decision]], C|Net News.com, November 3, 2005
    * proposes the creation of a four-person information technology task force to approve technical standards in the state

  * Martin LaMonica,[[http://news.com.com/Microsoft+to+standardize+Office+formats/2100-1012_3-5965443.html?tag=nefd.top|  Microsoft to standardize Office formats]], C|Net News.com, November 21, 2005
    * Specifically, does this announcement represent a true commitment to openness?

  * Rob Fay,[[http://robfay.com/2005/11/18/more-mac-incompatibility-with-grantsgov/|  More Mac Incompatibility with Grants.gov]], Partial Recall, November 18, 2005
    * we live in an era that relies less on any given computing platform in favor of open-standards web services

  * Bruce Byfield,[[http://www.linux.com/feature/147983|  Richard Stallman looks back at 25 years of the GNU project]], Linux.com, September 26, 2008.
    * other practical works that serve factual purposes in life ought to be free, such as educational and reference works. Artistic works may not be free.. although.."you must be free to non-commercially redistribute exact copies.

  * Bobbie Johnson,[[http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2008/sep/29/cloud.computing.richard.stallman|  Cloud computing is a trap, warns GNU founder Richard Stallman]], Guardian.co.uk, September 29, 2008.
    * If you use a proprietary program or somebody else's web server, you're defenceless.

  * [[http://gcn.com/blogs/gcn-tech-blog/2008/09/can-open-source-survive-congress.aspx| Can open source survive Congress?]], September 9, 2008.
    * The committee encourages the Department to rely more broadly on open-source software and establish it as a standard for intra-Department software development

  * Eben Moglen,[[https://www.softwarefreedom.org/events/2010/sscl/moglen-software_in_everything-transcript.html|  Transcript: When Software is in Everything: Future Liability Nightmares Free Software Helps Avoid]], June 30, 2010
    * in the presence of enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow.

  * 김진형, 김국현, [[https://www.slideshare.net/goodhyunkim/ss-11936445|소프트웨어 인재양성을 위한 사회적 플랫폼의 한국사회 적용 가능성에 대한 고찰]], Kaist, 소프트웨어 정책 연구 센터, 2011. 11.
    * 소프트에어 엔지니어의 오픈 소스 활동의 가장 큰 인센티브는 그 열린 특성 덕에 그 성과와 업적 역시 널리 공유되고 그 결과 개인의 평판 자본 형성에 효과적이라는 점이다. 특히 글로벌한 오픈 소스 활동의 경우 그 자체가 일종의 가상 글로벌 기업 체험이 될 수 있을 뿐만 아니라, 완전한 내부노동시장의 시뮬레이션을 하고 있다.

  * 정보통신산업진흥원, [[http://www.oss.kr/80669| 공개소프트웨어 백서(Open Source Software white Paper korea),]] 2012
    * 소프트웨어 기술의 학습과 전수의 관점에서도 공개소프트웨어는 유용하다.

  * Michael Corkery and Jessica Silver-Greenberg,[[http://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/09/24/miss-a-payment-good-luck-moving-that-car/|  Miss a Payment? Good Luck Moving That Car]], New York Times, September 24, 2014
    * Her lender..remotely activated a device in her car’s dashboard that prevented her car from starting

  * Eric Adler,[[https://medium.com/patents-technology-law/law-students-fend-off-a-patent-troll-2b8a708277fc|  Law Students Fend Off a Patent Troll.]], Medium.com, August 8, 2014
    * Free legal support drastically changes a patent troll’s calculus.

  * Richard M. Stallman, [[https://www.gnu.org/doc/fsfs3-hardcover.pdf| Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman(third edition)]], 2015

  * Jim Dwyer,[[http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/23/nyregion/volkswagens-diesel-fraud-makes-critic-of-secret-code-a-prophet.html|  Volkswagen's Diesel Fraud Makes Critic of Secret Code a Prophet]], September 22, 2015
    * If Volkswagen knew that every customer who buys a vehicle would have a right to read the source code of all the software in the vehicle, they would never even consider the cheat

  * David Gelles, Hiroko Tabuchi and Matthew Dolan,[[http://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/27/business/complex-car-software-becomes-the-weak-spot-under-the-hood.html|  Complex Car Software Becomes the Weak Spot Uinder the Hood]], New York Times, September 27, 2015
    * officials at the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration acknowledge that the agency doesn’t have the capacity to scrutinize the millions of lines of code that now control automobiles.

  * Sarah Jeong,[[http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/04/rental-company-control/478365/|  How Technology Helps Creditors Control Debtors]], The Atlantic, April 15, 2016
    * Access controls ensure that the possessions you lease or rent don’t belong to you, even as you bring them into the most intimate parts of your life.

  * Damien Zammit, [[https://boingboing.net/2016/06/15/intel-x86-processors-ship-with.html| Intel x86s hide another CPU that can take over your machine (you can't audit it)]], Boing Boing, Jun 15 2016
    * The Intel Management Engine (ME) is a subsystem composed of a special 32-bit ARC microprocessor that's physically located inside the chipset.

  * [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_adopters| List of Linux adopters]], Wikipedia

  * 이지현, [[http://www.bloter.net/archives/259301| 불가리아 정부, 오픈소스 도입 법 개정안 시행]], 블로터, 2016.07.06
    * 정부에서 개발하고, 업그레이드하고, 개선하는 기술, 서비스, 제품에서 컴퓨터 프로그램은 오픈소스 소프트웨어 기준에 맞춰야 한다

  * 이지현, [[http://www.bloter.net/archives/260338| 영국 정부, “오픈소스팀 팀장 찾습니다”]], 블로터, 2016. 7. 24
    * 국민의 세금으로 만들어진 기술을 다시 국민에게 되돌려주고, 내부 기술에 대한 투명성을 강화할 수 있다는 장점

  * Tom Brant, [[http://www.pcmag.com/news/345912/how-smartwatch-sensors-can-reveal-your-atm-pin| How Smartwatch Sensors Can Reveal Your ATM PIN, PC Magazine]], July 7, 2016
    * that can monitor accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers in wearable devices to guess a complete key entry sequence.

  * Tony Scott, Anne E. Rung, [[https://sourcecode.cio.gov/| Federal Source Code Policy: Achieving Efficiency, Transparency, and Innovation through Reusable and Open Source Software]]
    * This policy seeks to address these challenges by ensuring that new custom-developed Federal source code be made broadly available for reuse across the Federal Government

  * Ina Fried, [[http://www.recode.net/2016/11/18/13681324/apple-limiting-some-iphone-7-download-speeds| Yes, Apple is limiting some iPhone 7 download speeds. But you probably won't notice.]] - Recode, Nov 18, 2016
    * It wanted the cost savings and flexibility of having two chip sources but also wanted the different versions of the phone to be as similar as possible

  * Eva Dou, [[http://www.wsj.com/articles/microsoft-intel-ibm-push-back-on-china-cybersecurity-rules-1480587542| Microsoft, Intel, IBM Push Back on China Cybersecurity Rules,]] The Wall Street Jourlnal, Dec. 1, 2016 
    * Chinese authorities have said these measures are necessary to guard against foreign espionage tools being embedded in software used here

  *Natasha Lomas, [[https://techcrunch.com/2017/01/13/encrypted-messaging-platform-whatsapp-denies-backdoor-claim/|Encrypted messaging platform WhatsApp denies “backdoor” claim]], TechCrunch, 2017/01/13
    *arguably the platform’s biggest security flaw remains not open sourcing its code to allow for external audits  not least given that its parent company, Facebook, has a business model based on monetizing the personal information of users via profiling their preferences and targeting them with ads.

  *조은지, [[http://www.sedaily.com/NewsView/1OFYZI74WG|MS, 보안패치 개발하고도 배포 안해…랜섬웨어 확산 방조]], 서울경제, 2017. 5. 18.
    *마이크로소프트가 랜섬웨어 공격에 대비해 보안패치를 개발하고도 높은 가격을 지불한 경우에만 이를 제공해 온 사실이 알려졌다. 
===== 특허와 창작 =====
  * Saul Hansell,[[http://www.nytimes.com/library/tech/99/12/biztech/articles/11web.html|  Surging Number of Patents Engulfs Internet Commerce]], New York Times, December 10, 1999
    * "Ideas are cheap," he said. "Execution is everything." 

  * [[https://ko.wikisource.org/wiki/2001후3149| 대법원 2003. 5. 16. 선고 2001후3149 판결]]
    * 명칭을 "생활쓰레기 재활용 종합관리방법"으로 하는 원고의 이 사건 출원발명...은 .. 하드웨어 및 소프트웨어의 결합을 이용한 구체적 수단을 내용으로 하고 있지 아니할 뿐만 아니라, ..그 각 단계가 컴퓨터의 온 라인(on-line) 상에서 처리되는 것이 아니라 오프 라인(off-line) 상에서 처리되는 것이고, 소프트웨어와 하드웨어가 연계되는 시스템이 구체적으로 실현되고 있는 것도 아니어서 이른바 비즈니스모델 발명의 범주에 속하지도 아니하므로.. '산업상 이용할 수 있는 발명'이라고 할 수 없다

  * [[https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/08-964.ZS.html| Bilski v. Kappos]], Supreme Court of the United States, June 28, 2010. 
    * Adopting the machine-or-transformation test as the sole test for what constitutes a “process” (as opposed to just an important and useful clue) violates these statutory interpretation principles
    * The term “method” within §100(b)’s “process” definition, at least as a textual matter and before other consulting other Patent Act limitations and this Court’s precedents, may include at least some methods of doing business.

  * [[http://thepriorart.typepad.com/the_prior_art/2010/08/eben-moglen-on-bilski-software-patents-and-big-pharma.html| Interview with Eben Moglen on Bilski and Software Patents]], The Prior Art Blog, August 5, 2010.

  * 정진근, 유지혜, [[http://kafil.or.kr/?p=823&cat=6| 전자상거래 관련 발명의 성립성에 관한 Bilski Case의 영향과 과제]], 정보법학 제14권 제 2호, 2010. 08. 30
    * 연방대법원은 Bilski 사건 발명이 특허성이 없다는 결론은 CAFC와 함께 했으나, 그 근거인 장치 또는 변형요건이 특허성 심사를 위한 유일한 기준이라는 것에는 반대하였으며, 특정 상황에서 영업방법이 특허성을 충족할 수 있다고 판시함으로써, 영업방법이 특허로 보호 받을 수 있는 길을 열어두었고, 엄격한 장치 또는 변형요건을 충족하지 못한 방법발명도 특허를 받을 수 있게 되었다.

  * Luca Lucarini, [[http://patentabsurdity.com/| "Patent Absurdity: how software patents broke the system,"]], FSF , 2010
    * There is a hardcore group of special interests who profit from the system the way it is now -- the Court of Appeals of the Federal Circuit, patent examiners who essentially receive credit for their work only when they issue or uphold patents, and the patent bar which benefits from cross-licensing and patent litigation regardless of how ridiculous a patent is.

  * 전승우, [[http://www.lgeri.com/industry/general/article.asp?grouping=01030100&seq=240&srchtype=0&srchword=| 특허 전쟁의 중심이 소프트웨어로,]] LG경제연구원, 2014. 7. 15.
    * 소프트웨어 특허는 구체성이 모호하고 특허 청구 범위가 비교적 포괄적이므로 많은 기업들이 소프트웨어 특허를 제품 제조 및 판매 과정에서 정확히 발견하기 어려우며, 만일 발견하더라도 이를 회피하기 쉽지 않다. 

  * 김익현, [[http://www.zdnet.co.kr/news/news_view.asp?artice_id=20150224081753| 美, 소프트웨어 특허권이 흔들린다,]] ZDNet, 2015. 2. 24.
    * 앨리스의 (애스크로) 기술은 일반적인 컴퓨터를 단순 실행하는 것에 불과하다"면서 "따라서 추상적인 아이디어를 특허권을 부여할만한 발명으로 발전시키는 데는 실패했다"고 설명했다

  * [[http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/15-1769.Opinion.9-28-2016.1.PDF| Intellectual Ventures I LLC v. Symantec Corp. (Fed. Cir. 2016)]], concurrence Judge Haldane Robert Mayer
    * (1) patents constricting the essential channels of online communication run afoul of the First Amendment; and (2) claims directed to software implemented on a generic computer are categorically not eligible for patent